Sources
for Boxelder Bug
Every claim is drawn from extension, university, and government sources: - ITIS (itis.gov) — taxonomy and authority. - University of Minnesota, University of New Hampshire, Colorado State, and Michigan State Extension — identification, biology, seasonality, hosts, staining, and control. - National Pesticide Information Center (Oregon State University with the U.S. EPA) — bite, sting, disease, staining. - UC Statewide IPM Program — the western lookalike only.
The no-disease and rare-bite findings each rest on two independent sources. Review status: unreviewed.